Vehicle Detection¶
The goals / steps of this project are the following:
- Perform a Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) feature extraction on a labeled training set of images and train a classifier Linear SVM classifier
- Optionally, you can also apply a color transform and append binned color features, as well as histograms of color, to your HOG feature vector.
- Note: for those first two steps don't forget to normalize your features and randomize a selection for training and testing.
- Implement a sliding-window technique and use your trained classifier to search for vehicles in images.
- Run your pipeline on a video stream (start with the test_video.mp4 and later implement on full project_video.mp4) and create a heat map of recurring detections frame by frame to reject outliers and follow detected vehicles.
- Estimate a bounding box for vehicles detected.
Import Statements¶
In [1]:
from skimage.feature import hog
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
# for scikit-learn >= 0.18 use:
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
# from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
from scipy.ndimage.measurements import label
import matplotlib.image as mpimg
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from moviepy.editor import VideoFileClip
from IPython.display import HTML
import numpy as np
import pickle
import cv2
import glob
import time
%matplotlib inline
Load Training Data¶
In [2]:
car_images = glob.glob('training_dataset/vehicles/**/*.png')
noncar_images = glob.glob('training_dataset/non-vehicles/**/*.png')
print(len(car_images), len(noncar_images))
Visualize Data¶
In [3]:
fig, axs = plt.subplots(4,4, figsize=(16, 16))
fig.subplots_adjust(hspace = .2, wspace=.001)
axs = axs.ravel()
for i in np.arange(8):
img = cv2.imread(car_images[np.random.randint(0,len(car_images))])
img = cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
axs[i].axis('off')
axs[i].set_title('car', fontsize=10)
axs[i].imshow(img)
for i in np.arange(8,16):
img = cv2.imread(noncar_images[np.random.randint(0,len(noncar_images))])
img = cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
axs[i].axis('off')
axs[i].set_title('not car', fontsize=10)
axs[i].imshow(img)
Convert image to Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG)¶
In [4]:
def get_hog_features(img, orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block,
vis=False, feature_vec=True):
# Call with two outputs if vis==True
if vis == True:
features, hog_image = hog(img, orientations=orient,
pixels_per_cell=(pix_per_cell, pix_per_cell),
cells_per_block=(cell_per_block, cell_per_block),
transform_sqrt=False,
visualise=vis, feature_vector=feature_vec)
return features, hog_image
# Otherwise call with one output
else:
features = hog(img, orientations=orient,
pixels_per_cell=(pix_per_cell, pix_per_cell),
cells_per_block=(cell_per_block, cell_per_block),
transform_sqrt=False,
visualise=vis, feature_vector=feature_vec)
return features
car_img = mpimg.imread(car_images[5])
_, car_dst = get_hog_features(car_img[:,:,2], 9, 8, 8, vis=True, feature_vec=True)
noncar_img = mpimg.imread(noncar_images[5])
_, noncar_dst = get_hog_features(noncar_img[:,:,2], 9, 8, 8, vis=True, feature_vec=True)
# Visualize
f, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4)) = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(7,7))
f.subplots_adjust(hspace = .4, wspace=.2)
ax1.imshow(car_img)
ax1.set_title('Car Image', fontsize=16)
ax2.imshow(car_dst, cmap='gray')
ax2.set_title('Car HOG', fontsize=16)
ax3.imshow(noncar_img)
ax3.set_title('Non-Car Image', fontsize=16)
ax4.imshow(noncar_dst, cmap='gray')
ax4.set_title('Non-Car HOG', fontsize=16)
Out[4]:
Method to Extract HOG Features from an Array of Car and Non-Car Images¶
In [5]:
# Define a function to extract features from a list of image locations
# This function could also be used to call bin_spatial() and color_hist() (as in the lessons) to extract
# flattened spatial color features and color histogram features and combine them all (making use of StandardScaler)
# to be used together for classification
def extract_features(imgs, cspace='RGB', orient=9,
pix_per_cell=8, cell_per_block=2, hog_channel=0):
# Create a list to append feature vectors to
features = []
# Iterate through the list of images
for file in imgs:
# Read in each one by one
image = mpimg.imread(file)
# apply color conversion if other than 'RGB'
if cspace != 'RGB':
if cspace == 'HSV':
feature_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2HSV)
elif cspace == 'LUV':
feature_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2LUV)
elif cspace == 'HLS':
feature_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2HLS)
elif cspace == 'YUV':
feature_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2YUV)
elif cspace == 'YCrCb':
feature_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2YCrCb)
else: feature_image = np.copy(image)
# Call get_hog_features() with vis=False, feature_vec=True
if hog_channel == 'ALL':
hog_features = []
for channel in range(feature_image.shape[2]):
hog_features.append(get_hog_features(feature_image[:,:,channel],
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block,
vis=False, feature_vec=True))
hog_features = np.ravel(hog_features)
else:
hog_features = get_hog_features(feature_image[:,:,hog_channel], orient,
pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, vis=False, feature_vec=True)
# Append the new feature vector to the features list
features.append(hog_features)
# Return list of feature vectors
return features
Extract Features for Input Datasets and Combine, Define Labels Vector, Shuffle and Split¶
In [6]:
# Feature extraction parameters
colorspace = 'YUV' # Can be RGB, HSV, LUV, HLS, YUV, YCrCb
orient = 11
pix_per_cell = 16
cell_per_block = 2
hog_channel = 'ALL' # Can be 0, 1, 2, or "ALL"
t = time.time()
car_features = extract_features(car_images, cspace=colorspace, orient=orient,
pix_per_cell=pix_per_cell, cell_per_block=cell_per_block,
hog_channel=hog_channel)
notcar_features = extract_features(noncar_images, cspace=colorspace, orient=orient,
pix_per_cell=pix_per_cell, cell_per_block=cell_per_block,
hog_channel=hog_channel)
t2 = time.time()
print(round(t2-t, 2), 'Seconds to extract HOG features...')
# Create an array stack of feature vectors
X = np.vstack((car_features, notcar_features)).astype(np.float64)
# Fit a per-column scaler - this will be necessary if combining different types of features (HOG + color_hist/bin_spatial)
#X_scaler = StandardScaler().fit(X)
# Apply the scaler to X
#scaled_X = X_scaler.transform(X)
# Define the labels vector
y = np.hstack((np.ones(len(car_features)), np.zeros(len(notcar_features))))
# Split up data into randomized training and test sets
rand_state = np.random.randint(0, 100)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=rand_state)
print('Using:',orient,'orientations',pix_per_cell,
'pixels per cell and', cell_per_block,'cells per block')
print('Feature vector length:', len(X_train[0]))
Train a Classifier¶
In [7]:
# Use a linear SVC
svc = LinearSVC()
# Check the training time for the SVC
t = time.time()
svc.fit(X_train, y_train)
t2 = time.time()
print(round(t2-t, 2), 'Seconds to train SVC...')
# Check the score of the SVC
print('Test Accuracy of SVC = ', round(svc.score(X_test, y_test), 4))
# Check the prediction time for a single sample
t=time.time()
n_predict = 10
print('My SVC predicts: ', svc.predict(X_test[0:n_predict]))
print('For these',n_predict, 'labels: ', y_test[0:n_predict])
t2 = time.time()
print(round(t2-t, 5), 'Seconds to predict', n_predict,'labels with SVC')
Method for Using Classifier to Detect Cars in an Image¶
In [8]:
# Define a single function that can extract features using hog sub-sampling and make predictions
def find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, cspace, hog_channel, svc, X_scaler, orient,
pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, spatial_size, hist_bins, show_all_rectangles=False):
# array of rectangles where cars were detected
rectangles = []
img = img.astype(np.float32)/255
img_tosearch = img[ystart:ystop,:,:]
# apply color conversion if other than 'RGB'
if cspace != 'RGB':
if cspace == 'HSV':
ctrans_tosearch = cv2.cvtColor(img_tosearch, cv2.COLOR_RGB2HSV)
elif cspace == 'LUV':
ctrans_tosearch = cv2.cvtColor(img_tosearch, cv2.COLOR_RGB2LUV)
elif cspace == 'HLS':
ctrans_tosearch = cv2.cvtColor(img_tosearch, cv2.COLOR_RGB2HLS)
elif cspace == 'YUV':
ctrans_tosearch = cv2.cvtColor(img_tosearch, cv2.COLOR_RGB2YUV)
elif cspace == 'YCrCb':
ctrans_tosearch = cv2.cvtColor(img_tosearch, cv2.COLOR_RGB2YCrCb)
else: ctrans_tosearch = np.copy(image)
# rescale image if other than 1.0 scale
if scale != 1:
imshape = ctrans_tosearch.shape
ctrans_tosearch = cv2.resize(ctrans_tosearch, (np.int(imshape[1]/scale), np.int(imshape[0]/scale)))
# select colorspace channel for HOG
if hog_channel == 'ALL':
ch1 = ctrans_tosearch[:,:,0]
ch2 = ctrans_tosearch[:,:,1]
ch3 = ctrans_tosearch[:,:,2]
else:
ch1 = ctrans_tosearch[:,:,hog_channel]
# Define blocks and steps as above
nxblocks = (ch1.shape[1] // pix_per_cell)+1 #-1
nyblocks = (ch1.shape[0] // pix_per_cell)+1 #-1
nfeat_per_block = orient*cell_per_block**2
# 64 was the orginal sampling rate, with 8 cells and 8 pix per cell
window = 64
nblocks_per_window = (window // pix_per_cell)-1
cells_per_step = 2 # Instead of overlap, define how many cells to step
nxsteps = (nxblocks - nblocks_per_window) // cells_per_step
nysteps = (nyblocks - nblocks_per_window) // cells_per_step
# Compute individual channel HOG features for the entire image
hog1 = get_hog_features(ch1, orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, feature_vec=False)
if hog_channel == 'ALL':
hog2 = get_hog_features(ch2, orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, feature_vec=False)
hog3 = get_hog_features(ch3, orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, feature_vec=False)
for xb in range(nxsteps):
for yb in range(nysteps):
ypos = yb*cells_per_step
xpos = xb*cells_per_step
# Extract HOG for this patch
hog_feat1 = hog1[ypos:ypos+nblocks_per_window, xpos:xpos+nblocks_per_window].ravel()
if hog_channel == 'ALL':
hog_feat2 = hog2[ypos:ypos+nblocks_per_window, xpos:xpos+nblocks_per_window].ravel()
hog_feat3 = hog3[ypos:ypos+nblocks_per_window, xpos:xpos+nblocks_per_window].ravel()
hog_features = np.hstack((hog_feat1, hog_feat2, hog_feat3))
else:
hog_features = hog_feat1
xleft = xpos*pix_per_cell
ytop = ypos*pix_per_cell
test_prediction = svc.predict(hog_features)
if test_prediction == 1 or show_all_rectangles:
xbox_left = np.int(xleft*scale)
ytop_draw = np.int(ytop*scale)
win_draw = np.int(window*scale)
rectangles.append(((xbox_left, ytop_draw+ystart),(xbox_left+win_draw,ytop_draw+win_draw+ystart)))
return rectangles
Test Find_Cars on an Example Image¶
In [9]:
test_img = mpimg.imread('./test_images/test1.jpg')
ystart = 400
ystop = 656
scale = 1.5
colorspace = 'YUV' # Can be RGB, HSV, LUV, HLS, YUV, YCrCb
orient = 11
pix_per_cell = 16
cell_per_block = 2
hog_channel = 'ALL' # Can be 0, 1, 2, or "ALL"
rectangles = find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None, orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None)
print(len(rectangles), 'rectangles found in image')
plt.imshow(test_img)
Out[9]:
Method to Draw Rectangles onto an Image¶
In [10]:
# Here is your draw_boxes function from the previous exercise
def draw_boxes(img, bboxes, color=(0, 0, 255), thick=6):
# Make a copy of the image
imcopy = np.copy(img)
random_color = False
# Iterate through the bounding boxes
for bbox in bboxes:
if color == 'random' or random_color:
color = (np.random.randint(0,255), np.random.randint(0,255), np.random.randint(0,255))
random_color = True
# Draw a rectangle given bbox coordinates
cv2.rectangle(imcopy, bbox[0], bbox[1], color, thick)
# Return the image copy with boxes drawn
return imcopy
In [11]:
test_img_rects = draw_boxes(test_img, rectangles)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(test_img_rects)
Out[11]:
Show All Potential Search Areas¶
In [36]:
test_img = mpimg.imread('./test_images/test1.jpg')
rects = []
ystart = 400
ystop = 464
scale = 1.0
rects.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None, show_all_rectangles=True))
ystart = 416
ystop = 480
scale = 1.0
rects.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None, show_all_rectangles=True))
rectangles = [item for sublist in rects for item in sublist]
test_img_rects = draw_boxes(test_img, rectangles, color='random', thick=2)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(test_img_rects)
print('Number of boxes: ', len(rectangles))
In [13]:
test_img = mpimg.imread('./test_images/test1.jpg')
rects = []
ystart = 400
ystop = 496
scale = 1.5
rects.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None, show_all_rectangles=True))
ystart = 432
ystop = 528
scale = 1.5
rects.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None, show_all_rectangles=True))
rectangles = [item for sublist in rects for item in sublist]
test_img_rects = draw_boxes(test_img, rectangles, color='random', thick=2)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(test_img_rects)
print('Number of boxes: ', len(rectangles))
In [14]:
test_img = mpimg.imread('./test_images/test1.jpg')
rects = []
ystart = 400
ystop = 528
scale = 2.0
rects.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None, show_all_rectangles=True))
ystart = 432
ystop = 560
scale = 2.0
rects.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None, show_all_rectangles=True))
rectangles = [item for sublist in rects for item in sublist]
test_img_rects = draw_boxes(test_img, rectangles, color='random', thick=2)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(test_img_rects)
print('Number of boxes: ', len(rectangles))
In [15]:
test_img = mpimg.imread('./test_images/test1.jpg')
rects = []
ystart = 400
ystop = 596
scale = 3.0
rects.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None, show_all_rectangles=True))
ystart = 464
ystop = 660
scale = 3.0
rects.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None, show_all_rectangles=True))
rectangles = [item for sublist in rects for item in sublist]
test_img_rects = draw_boxes(test_img, rectangles, color='random', thick=2)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(test_img_rects)
print('Number of boxes: ', len(rectangles))
Combine Various Sliding Window Searches¶
In [16]:
test_img = mpimg.imread('./test_images/test1.jpg')
rectangles = []
colorspace = 'YUV' # Can be RGB, HSV, LUV, HLS, YUV, YCrCb
orient = 11
pix_per_cell = 16
cell_per_block = 2
hog_channel = 'ALL' # Can be 0, 1, 2, or "ALL"
ystart = 400
ystop = 464
scale = 1.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 416
ystop = 480
scale = 1.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 400
ystop = 496
scale = 1.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 432
ystop = 528
scale = 1.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 400
ystop = 528
scale = 2.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 432
ystop = 560
scale = 2.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 400
ystop = 596
scale = 3.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 464
ystop = 660
scale = 3.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(test_img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
# apparently this is the best way to flatten a list of lists
rectangles = [item for sublist in rectangles for item in sublist]
test_img_rects = draw_boxes(test_img, rectangles, color='random', thick=2)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(test_img_rects)
Out[16]:
Heatmap¶
In [17]:
def add_heat(heatmap, bbox_list):
# Iterate through list of bboxes
for box in bbox_list:
# Add += 1 for all pixels inside each bbox
# Assuming each "box" takes the form ((x1, y1), (x2, y2))
heatmap[box[0][1]:box[1][1], box[0][0]:box[1][0]] += 1
# Return updated heatmap
return heatmap
In [18]:
# Test out the heatmap
heatmap_img = np.zeros_like(test_img[:,:,0])
heatmap_img = add_heat(heatmap_img, rectangles)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(heatmap_img, cmap='hot')
Out[18]:
Apply a Threshold to the Heatmap¶
In [19]:
def apply_threshold(heatmap, threshold):
# Zero out pixels below the threshold
heatmap[heatmap <= threshold] = 0
# Return thresholded map
return heatmap
In [20]:
heatmap_img = apply_threshold(heatmap_img, 1)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(heatmap_img, cmap='hot')
Out[20]:
Apply SciPy Labels to Heatmap¶
In [45]:
labels = label(heatmap_img)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(labels[0], cmap='gray')
print(labels[1], 'cars found')
Draw Bounding Boxes for Lables¶
In [22]:
def draw_labeled_bboxes(img, labels):
# Iterate through all detected cars
rects = []
for car_number in range(1, labels[1]+1):
# Find pixels with each car_number label value
nonzero = (labels[0] == car_number).nonzero()
# Identify x and y values of those pixels
nonzeroy = np.array(nonzero[0])
nonzerox = np.array(nonzero[1])
# Define a bounding box based on min/max x and y
bbox = ((np.min(nonzerox), np.min(nonzeroy)), (np.max(nonzerox), np.max(nonzeroy)))
rects.append(bbox)
# Draw the box on the image
cv2.rectangle(img, bbox[0], bbox[1], (0,0,255), 6)
# Return the image and final rectangles
return img, rects
# Draw bounding boxes on a copy of the image
draw_img, rect = draw_labeled_bboxes(np.copy(test_img), labels)
# Display the image
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(draw_img)
Out[22]:
Define a Class to Store Data from Vehicle Detections¶
In [23]:
# Define a class to store data from video
class Vehicle_Detect():
def __init__(self):
# history of rectangles previous n frames
self.prev_rects = []
def add_rects(self, rects):
self.prev_rects.append(rects)
if len(self.prev_rects) > 15:
# throw out oldest rectangle set(s)
self.prev_rects = self.prev_rects[len(self.prev_rects)-15:]
Define Pipeline¶
In [31]:
def process_frame(img):
rectangles = []
colorspace = 'YUV' # Can be RGB, HSV, LUV, HLS, YUV, YCrCb
orient = 11
pix_per_cell = 16
cell_per_block = 2
hog_channel = 'ALL' # Can be 0, 1, 2, or "ALL"
ystart = 400
ystop = 464
scale = 1.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 416
ystop = 480
scale = 1.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 400
ystop = 496
scale = 1.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 432
ystop = 528
scale = 1.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 400
ystop = 528
scale = 2.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 432
ystop = 560
scale = 2.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 400
ystop = 596
scale = 3.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 464
ystop = 660
scale = 3.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
rectangles = [item for sublist in rectangles for item in sublist]
heatmap_img = np.zeros_like(img[:,:,0])
heatmap_img = add_heat(heatmap_img, rectangles)
heatmap_img = apply_threshold(heatmap_img, 1)
labels = label(heatmap_img)
draw_img, rects = draw_labeled_bboxes(np.copy(img), labels)
return draw_img
In [41]:
def process_frame_for_video(img):
rectangles = []
colorspace = 'YUV' # Can be RGB, HSV, LUV, HLS, YUV, YCrCb
orient = 11
pix_per_cell = 16
cell_per_block = 2
hog_channel = 'ALL' # Can be 0, 1, 2, or "ALL"
ystart = 400
ystop = 464
scale = 1.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 416
ystop = 480
scale = 1.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 400
ystop = 496
scale = 1.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 432
ystop = 528
scale = 1.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 400
ystop = 528
scale = 2.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 432
ystop = 560
scale = 2.0
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 400
ystop = 596
scale = 3.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
ystart = 464
ystop = 660
scale = 3.5
rectangles.append(find_cars(img, ystart, ystop, scale, colorspace, hog_channel, svc, None,
orient, pix_per_cell, cell_per_block, None, None))
rectangles = [item for sublist in rectangles for item in sublist]
# add detections to the history
if len(rectangles) > 0:
det.add_rects(rectangles)
heatmap_img = np.zeros_like(img[:,:,0])
for rect_set in det.prev_rects:
heatmap_img = add_heat(heatmap_img, rect_set)
heatmap_img = apply_threshold(heatmap_img, 1 + len(det.prev_rects)//2)
labels = label(heatmap_img)
draw_img, rect = draw_labeled_bboxes(np.copy(img), labels)
return draw_img
Run pipeline through test images¶
In [42]:
det = Vehicle_Detect()
test_images = glob.glob('./test_images/test*.jpg')
fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 2, figsize=(16,14))
fig.subplots_adjust(hspace = .004, wspace=.002)
axs = axs.ravel()
for i, im in enumerate(test_images):
axs[i].imshow(process_frame(mpimg.imread(im)))
axs[i].axis('off')
Run video through pipeline¶
In [43]:
det = Vehicle_Detect()
test_out_file2 = 'test_video_out_2.mp4'
clip_test2 = VideoFileClip('test_video.mp4')
clip_test_out2 = clip_test2.fl_image(process_frame_for_video)
%time clip_test_out2.write_videofile(test_out_file2, audio=False)
In [44]:
det = Vehicle_Detect()
proj_out_file = 'project_video_out.mp4'
clip_proj = VideoFileClip('project_video.mp4')
clip_proj_out = clip_proj.fl_image(process_frame_for_video)
%time clip_proj_out.write_videofile(proj_out_file, audio=False)
In [ ]: